In July 2019, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) made a series of proposals on Legal Protections for Armed Forces Personnel and Veterans serving in operations outside the United Kingdom, and invited responses to a public consultation. On 1 October 2019, Dr. Stuart Wallace, Dr. Elizabeth Stubbins Bates and Dr. Noelle Quenivet published their response to the consultation.
The MOD proposes a) a statutory presumption against prosecution, b) a partial defence to murder, and c) a civil litigation longstop for actions against the MOD. This blog post focuses on a) a proposed “presumption against prosecution of current or former Armed Forces personnel for alleged offences committed in the course of duty outside the UK more than ten years ago”. This could apply “regardless of whether there has been a previous police investigation” and to “a prosecution for any type of offence”.
The MOD’s proposals risk entrenching impunity. Investigations into thousands of allegations of ill treatment and unlawful killing from Iraq and Afghanistan have already been dropped. Out of 3,405 allegations considered by the Iraq Historic Allegations Team (IHAT, 2010-2017), the Director of Service Prosecutions declined to charge soldiers in one case of alleged unlawful killing and one case of alleged torture or ill-treatment. Two other cases were referred to the Royal Air Force police, and one soldier was fined by his commanding officer. All other cases were either closed or passed to IHAT’s successor body, the Service Police Legacy Investigations (SPLI), which has closed 1153 allegations from 1 July 2017 until 30 June 2019.
The Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is currently conducting the third (admissibility) phrase of a preliminary examination into alleged war crimes committed by UK forces against detainees in Iraq. The OTP has found a reasonable basis to believe that a range of war crimes, including wilful killing, torture and inhuman treatment or cruel treatment, outrages upon personal dignity, rape and other forms of sexual violence were committed against detainees in British military custody in Iraq. No such findings were made about the UK armed forces’ actions during the conduct of hostilities. The OTP is currently assessing the UK’s willingness to conduct a genuine investigation or to commence prosecutions.
We argue that the whole picture of the UK’s investigations into these alleged crimes suggests unwillingness to investigate and prosecute; and that the MOD’s consultation only adds to this suggested impression. While the OTP is not considering the UK’s actions in Afghanistan, there is a striking absence of publicly available information on Operation Northmoor, the investigations into allegations of unlawful conduct by troops in Afghanistan. We do not know how many investigations are still pending, nor if prosecutions are foreseen.
These proposals continue a longstanding trend of deficient investigations by the UK in respect to alleged violations of international law during military operations, for example, in Northern Ireland and Iraq. The European Court of Human Rights has called into question the independence of the investigators, the promptness and effectiveness of the investigations and the public scrutiny of the investigative process.
The MOD aims to assuage fears that former service personnel will be investigated and prosecuted long after they have left service. However, our research has determined that the proposals fail to achieve this aim. Firstly, the duty to investigate historical allegations of human rights violations and international crimes under international law subsists in spite of any domestic law discouraging it. Secondly, a presumption against prosecution applicable to all crimes, including international crimes, does not suggest that the UK is willing to conduct a genuine investigation, and (together with other evidence) might lead to the OTP requesting a full investigation from the Pre-Trial Chamber of the ICC. Third, the MOD’s proposals do not preclude the possibility of prosecutions under universal jurisdiction legislation in other states. Fourth, these proposals risk incentivising poor initial investigations followed by a reliance on the presumption not to prosecute or investigate further at a later date.
We urge the MOD to drop these proposals, and to fully comply with the UK’s investigatory obligations under international human rights law, international humanitarian law and international criminal law.
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